Wednesday, 17 August 2011

SQL QUERY | SQL IMAGES | DBMS MATERIAL | sql query solution photo

22:51

vishal pandya

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GTU MCA MATERIAL | C LANGUAGE | Preprocessor

22:42

vishal pandya

Preprocessor:

vIt is a program that processes source program before it is passed to the complier.

vPreprocessor commands often known as directives.

vPreprocessor directives begin with a # symbol.

vThe directives can be placed anywhere in a program but generally it is beginning of a

Program before main () or particular function.

vThese directives can be divided into 3 categories.

1) Mecro substitution directive

2) File inclusion directive

3) Complier control directive

1) Macro substitution directive

vMacro substitution is a process where an identifier in a program is replaced by a

predefined string composed of one or more token.

vExample:

#define a 25

Main ()

{

Int i;

For (i=1;i<=a;i++)

{

Printf(“%d”,i);

}

getch();

}

vThis # define a 25 statement is called “macro definition” or just a

“macro”.

va is often called “macro templates” and 5 is their “macro

expansion”.

vWhen we compile the program it is check by the preprocessor for

any macro definition before the source code passes to the

complier.

vWe can use capital letter fot macro template this makes it easy for programmer to pick

out all the macro template when reading through the program.

vMacro template and its macro expansion are sepatated by blanks or tabs.

vRemember that a macro definition is never to be terminated by a semicolon.

vIt is not necessary that you can declare macro before the main function you can declare

anywhere in the program.

For Example:

main()

{

#define pf printf

pf(“Jay Swaminarayan”);

getch();

}

v #define directive is many a times used to define operators.

#define AND &&

#define OR ||

2) File inclusion directive

v An external file containing functions or macro definitions can be included as a part of a program so that we need not rewrite those functions or macro definitions. This is achieved by the preprocessor directive.

For example: #include “filename”

Where filename is the name of the file containing the required definitions or functions. At this point, the preprocessor inserts the entire contents of filename into the source code of the program. When the filename is included within the double quotation marks, the search for the file is made first in the current directory and then in the standard directories.

For example:-

#include<filename>

Without double quotation marks. In this case, the file is searched only in the standard directories.

Nesting of included files is allowed. That is, an include file can included file can include other files. However, a file cannot include itself.

If an included file is not found, an error is reported and compilation is terminated.

We can make use of a definition of function contained in any of these files by including them in the program as shown below:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

3) COMPILER CONTORL DIRECTIVES: -

1) You have included a file containing some macro definitions. It is not known whether a particular macro (say, test) has been defined in that header file. However, you want to be certain that test is define (or not defined).

2) Suppose a customer has two different type of computer and you are required to write a program that will run on both the system.

One solution to these problems is to develop different programs to suit the needs of different situations. Another method is develop a single. Comprehensive program that includes all optional codes and then directs the compiler to skip over certain parts of source code when they are not required. Fortunately, the c preprocessor offers a feature known as conditional compilation. Which can be used to ‘switch’ on or off a particular line or group of lines in a program.

Situation 1

This situation refers to the conditional definition of a macro. We want ensure that the macro TEST is always defined. irrespective of whether it has been defined in the header file or not. This can be achieved as follows:

#include “DEFINE.H”

#ifndef TEST

#define TEST 1

#endif

….

DEFINE.H is the header file that is supposed to contain the definition of TEST macro. The directive.

#ifndef TEST

Searches for the definition of TEST in the header file and if not defined, then all the lines between the #ifndef and the corresponding #endif directive are left ‘active’ in the program.

That is, the preprocessor directive

#define TEST

is processed.

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GTU MCA MATERIAL | FOP IMPORTANT QUESTIONS | FOP ASSIGNMENT.

22:29

vishal pandya

1.What is the purpose of a header file? Is the use of a header file absolutely necessary?

2. Why and when do we use #include directive?

3. Why and when do we use #define directive?

4. Why do we need to use comment in program?

5. Describe the basic data types in C.

6. What is ASCII? How common is its use?

7. Describe the different types of operators.

8. What is the difference between prefix and postfix of – and ++ operators?

9. Describe the use of the conditional operator to form a conditional expression.

10. What are formatted input and output statements in C? Give suitable example.

11. Find the errors, if any

/* A simple program

int main()

{

/* Does nothing*/

}

12. Find the errors, if any

#include(stdio.h)

void main(void)

{

printf(“Hello C”);

}

13.Find the errors, if any

Include <math.h>

main{}

(

FLOAT X;

X = 2.5 ;

Y = exp(x) ;

Print(x,y);

)

14. Find the output of the program :

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

int x=3,y=5,z=7,w;

w=x%y + y%x - z%x - x %z;

printf(“%d\n”,w);

w=x/z + y/z + (x+y)/z;

printf(“%d”,w);

}

15.Find the output of the program :

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

int x=3,y=5,z=7,w=9;

w += x + y -( z -= w );

printf(“w=% d, z=%d\n”,w,z);

w += x -= y %= z;

printf(“w=%d, y=%d, z=%d”,w,y,z);

}

16. Find the output of the program :

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

int x=3,y=5;

x = y++ + x++;

y = ++y + ++x;

printf(“x=% d, y=%d”,x,y);

}

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Tuesday, 9 August 2011

SYLLABUS | GTU MBA - 1 - 2 SEMESTER SYLLABUS | DOWNLOAD GTU MBA REVISED SYLLABUS SEM - I - II

23:06

vishal pandya

GTU new MBA Program effective from academic year 2011-12

Sem -I

Sem -III

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SYLLABUS | GTU MCA - 1 - 2 SEMESTER SYLLABUS | DOWNLOAD GTU MCA REVISED SYLLABUS SEM - I - II

23:04

vishal pandya

GTU new MCA Program effective from academic year 2011-12

Sem -I,II (Revised - 29/07/2011)

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Saturday, 9 July 2011

EBOOKS DOWNLOAD FREE | Free download Computer Programming Language EBooks

04:04

vishal pandya

Free Computer Programming Language Books

Programming Language C++

An Overview Of The C++ Programming Langauge- Bjarne Stroustrup
Thinking in C++ Volume 1 - Introduction to Standard C++ - Bruce Eckel
Thinking in C++ Volume 2 - Practical Programming - Bruce Eckel, Chuck Allison
A Beginner's C++ - Neil Gray
Introduction to OOP Using C++ - Peter Müller
ANSI/ISO C++ Professional Programmer's Handbook-Danny Kalev
C++ Annotations -Frank B. Brokken
C++ GUI Programming with Qt 3 -Jasmin Blanchette, Mark Summerfield
C++ In Action: Industrial Strength Programming Techniques -Bartosz Milewski
C++ Essentials -Sharam Hekmat
C++: A Dialog (formerly: Who's Afraid of C++?) - Steve Heller
Incompatibilities Between ISO C and ISO C++ - David R. Tribble
Industrial Strength C++; Rules and Recommendations- Henricson,Nyquist and Utvecklings
Style Guides for C and C++ - Lott
Optimizing C++ - Steve Heller
Neil's Guide to C++ - Neil C. Obremski
An Introduction to C++ Programming - Ian Aitchison and Peter King
An Introduction to C++ Programming - Björn Fahller
C++ GUI Programming With Qt 3 -Jasmin Blanchette, Mark Summerfield
C++ Programming Language Tutorials- Douglas C. Schmidt
C++ In Action - Industrial Strength Programming Techniques - Bartosz Milewski
Teach Yourself C++ in 21 Days
Teachers' Guide to Practical C++ Programming -Steve Oualline and C. M. Oualline
C++ Annotations -Frank B. Brokken
C++ Reference
Complete C++ Language Tutorial -Juan Soulie
The C++ Course- Allen B. Downey
Using C and C++ with Fortran --Beebe
Applied C++: Techniques for Building Better Software -Philip Romanik, Amy Muntz
Data Structures and Algorithms with Object-Oriented Design Patterns in C++ - Bruno R. Preiss
Teach Yourself C++ in 21 Days
The Function Pointer Tutorials for C/C++
SUN C++ User's Guide
C++ Programming for Scientists -Roldan Pozo, Karin Remington
C++ Reference Guide - Danny Kalev
C++ Coding Standard Specification
C++: The Rule Of Three -Valmont
C++ Programming Tutorials
An Introduction to GCC: for the GNU Compilers GCC and G++ - Gough, Stallman
C++ Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic - Valluru B. Rao
Wireless Game Development in C/C++ with BREW - R. Barbagallo
Techniques for Scientific C++ -Todd Veldhuizen
C++ Programming for Scientists - Roldan Pozo/Karin Remington

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